A 6,000-year genomic transect in the middle Yellow River

AI interpretationAI-generated

6,000 years of genomes from the middle Yellow River reveal genetic continuity and change.

This study sequenced 112 ancient individuals from eight sites in central and northern China, dating from 6000 to 300 years ago. The samples span key cultural periods, from early Yangshao to historical dynasties. Genome-wide data show how populations in the Yellow River region evolved over time, with both continuity and shifts. The Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages provide clues about paternal and maternal ancestry.

• 112 ancient genomes from the middle Yellow River cover 6000 years, from early Yangshao to Ming/Qing.
• Y-chromosome lineages include C-F978, Q-F1626, N-CTS2959, and various O and N subclades, showing diverse paternal ancestry.
• Mitochondrial DNA is dominated by A15a, D4a5, G2a1, F1a1c, D4, and D5b1b, reflecting maternal diversity.

Sample interpretation

The 112 individuals come from eight sites, with the largest groups from Henan ShangShiHe (Spring and Autumn, 38) and Hebei DongXiaoLiBaiLong (Han, 26). Other periods include Eastern Zhou, Ming/Qing, Longshan, early Yangshao, Shang, and Warring States. Y-chromosome was resolved for 59 males, revealing 8 top haplogroups. Mitochondrial DNA was also analyzed, with 6 top lineages. This rich sampling allows tracking genetic changes across dynasties and cultures.

For genealogy enthusiasts

For ancestry enthusiasts, this study provides a detailed genetic timeline of the Yellow River region, helping trace paternal and maternal lineages over 6000 years. It shows how ancient populations contributed to modern Chinese genetic diversity.